Public Interest Litigation (PIL)

 

A Public Interest Litigation (PIL) is a legal action initiated in a court of law for the protection of public interest, rather than for the enforcement of a private right of an individual.

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🔹 Meaning and Concept

Public Interest Litigation is a mechanism through which any public-spirited person can approach the court to seek justice for those whose rights are violated but who are unable to approach the court themselves due to poverty, illiteracy, or disability.

It is a significant development in Indian constitutional law, especially under judicial activism.

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🔹 Constitutional Basis

PILs are primarily filed under:

• Article 32 of the Constitution of India (before the Supreme Court of India)
• Article 226 of the Constitution of India (before the respective High Courts of India)

These provisions guarantee the right to constitutional remedies.

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🔹 Landmark Development

The concept of PIL in India was pioneered by:

• Justice P. N. Bhagwati
• Justice V. R. Krishna Iyer

They relaxed the traditional rule of locus standi, allowing third parties to file petitions on behalf of affected persons.

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🔹 Features of PIL

1. Relaxed Locus Standi – Any public-spirited individual can file it
2. Focus on Public Interest – Not private disputes
3. Judicial Activism Tool – Courts intervene to enforce rights
4. Flexible Procedure – Even letters or postcards may be treated as PILs
5. Protection of Fundamental Rights

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🔹 Matters Suitable for PIL

PIL can be filed in matters such as:

• Violation of fundamental rights
• Environmental protection
• Bonded labour, child labour
• Corruption in public offices
• Neglect of public duties
• Custodial violence
• Public health issues

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🔹 Matters NOT Suitable for PIL

Courts discourage PIL in:

• Private disputes
• Service matters (except exceptional cases)
• Landlord-tenant disputes
• Personal grievances
• Political motives disguised as PIL

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🔹 Important Cases on PIL

Some landmark judgments include:

• Hussainara Khatoon v. State of Bihar – Right to speedy trial
• S.P. Gupta v. Union of India – Expanded locus standi
• Bandhua Mukti Morcha v. Union of India – Bonded labour rights
• M.C. Mehta v. Union of India – Environmental jurisprudence

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🔹 Procedure to File PIL

1. Draft the Petition clearly stating:
   • Public injury
   • Violation of legal/constitutional rights
2. Include Affidavit verifying facts
3. Annex Relevant Documents
4. File in Appropriate Court (Supreme Court/High Court)
5. Pay Nominal Court Fees
6. Court May Issue Notice to respondents

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🔹 Advantages of PIL

• Provides access to justice for weaker sections
• Promotes accountability of government authorities
• Strengthens rule of law
• Helps in social transformation

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🔹 Criticism of PIL

• Misuse for publicity or political motives
• Judicial overreach
• Frivolous litigation burdening courts

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🔹 Conclusion

Public Interest Litigation has become a powerful instrument of social justice in India. When used responsibly, it acts as a bridge between the citizens and the judiciary, ensuring that justice is accessible even to the most marginalized sections of society.

An application under Section 148A, of the Code of Civil Procedure

 

District : South 24-Parganas.

In the Court of the Learned 2^nd Civil Judge (Junior  Division) at Baruipur, South 24-Parganas.

 

                                                          Caveat Application no.____of 2026.

 

                                                          In the matter of :

 

An application under Section 148A, of the Code of Civil Procedure;

 

AND

 

In the matter of :

 

Arpita Naskar, Daughter of Shri Dulal Chandra Naskar, aged about 29 years, residing at Village – Dakhin Chhayani Para, Tegharia, Post Office – Ramkrishna Pally, Police Station Narendrapur formerly Sonarpur, Kolkata – 700150, District South 24 Parganas. Mobile : 9002389521.

          ______CAVEATOR

 

-          Versus –

 

Sri Tapan Seth, Son of Late Dibakar Seth, residing at Village –Tegharia, Post Office – Ramkrishna Pally, Police Station Narendrapur formerly Sonarpur, Kolkata – 700150, District South 24 Parganas.

                                                ______CAVEATEES.

To,

The Learned 2^nd Civil Judge (Junior Division), at Baruipore, South 24_parganas.

District : South 24-Parganas.

 

Sir,

Let nothing can be done or can be moved before the Learned Court by the Caveatees against the Caveators in respect of the particulars as given hereunder without due notice to the Caveators or their Learned Advocate in the form of any Suit / Application / Injunction Petition or any other petitions etc. in connection with any Suit.

Yours’ faithfully,

 

 

Ashok Kumar Singh,

Advocate.

High Court Calcutta

 

 

The Particulars of the Caveator is given below :

 

 

1.       Name of the Caveator     :        

Arpita Naskar, Daughter of Shri Dulal Chandra Naskar, aged about 29 years, residing at Village – Dakhin Chhayani Para, Tegharia, Post Office – Ramkrishna Pally, Police Station Narendrapur formerly Sonarpur, Kolkata – 700150, District South 24 Parganas. Mobile : 9002389521.

 

2.       Address of the Caveator  :        

Arpita Naskar, Daughter of Shri Dulal Chandra Naskar, aged about 29 years, residing at Village – Dakhin Chhayani Para, Tegharia, Post Office – Ramkrishna Pally, Police Station Narendrapur formerly Sonarpur, Kolkata – 700150, District South 24 Parganas. Mobile : 9002389521.

 

 

3.       Name and Address of    

the Advocate of the

Caveator for serving

Notice when the Caveator

is out of station.             :         Ashok Kumar Singh, Advocate. High Court Bar Association Room No. 15, High Court Calcutta, Kolkata – 700001. Mobile Number : 9883070666, Email : aksinghadvocate@rediffmail.com

 

4.           Name of the Caveatee /

applicant in respect of the

application against which

Caveat lodged.                :        

Sri Tapan Seth, Son of Late Dibakar Seth, residing at Village –Tegharia, Post Office – Ramkrishna Pally, Police Station Narendrapur formerly Sonarpur, Kolkata – 700150, District South 24 Parganas.

 

5.       Address of the Caveatee  :        

Sri Tapan Seth, Son of Late Dibakar Seth, residing at Village –Tegharia, Post Office – Ramkrishna Pally, Police Station Narendrapur formerly Sonarpur, Kolkata – 700150, District South 24 Parganas.

6.      Name and addresses of

the intended parties to

the Suit / Application /

proceeding as far as

theCaveator is aware.

If the Suit / Application /

proceedings has not yet

bee instituted.                          :        

 

Sri Tapan Seth, Son of Late Dibakar Seth, residing at Village –Tegharia, Post Office – Ramkrishna Pally, Police Station Narendrapur formerly Sonarpur, Kolkata – 700150, District South 24 Parganas.

 

 

          7.       Nature of the Proceedings        :         Any Suit / application

 / injunction petition or any other application in respect of any Suit against the Caveators and in respect of the Landed property ALL THAT piece and parcel of homestead land measuring an area 16 Decimals comprising under Mouza – Tegharia, J.L. No. 52, L.R. Dag No. 25, Khatian No. 5263, territorial jurisdiction of Narendrapur Police Station formerly Sonarpur, at Narendrapur Station Road, under the Rajpur Sonarpur Municipality, Kolkata – 700150, Post Office – Ramkrishna Pally, District South 24 Parganas.

 

8.          Suit Property against which

Caveat is filed.                         :         ALL THAT piece and parcel of homestead land measuring an area of 16 Decimals comprising under Mouza – Tegharia, J.L. No. 52, L.R. Dag No. 25, Khatian No. 5263, territorial jurisdiction of Narendrapur Police Station formerly Sonarpur, at Narendrapur Station Road, under the Rajpur Sonarpur Municipality, Kolkata – 700150, Post Office – Ramkrishna Pally, District South 24 Parganas.

 

 

          9.       Valuation of the Suit               :         as per suit valuation.

 

 

 

 

 

 

10.        Name of the Advocate of the

Caveator whom the notice

Should be served.                    :         Ashok Kumar Singh,

Advocate. High Court Bar Association Room No. 15, High Court Calcutta, Kolkata – 700001. Mobile Number : 9883070666, Email : aksinghadvocate@rediffmail.com

 

 

          11.     Mode of Service              :         Registered Post

/ Speed Post with A/D.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

DISTRICT: South 24 Parganas.

In the Court of the Learned 2^nd Civil Judge (Junior Division), at Baruipur, South 24 Parganas.

 

 

Caveat Case No._____________of 2026.

 

In the matter of

An Application under Section 148-A of the Code of Civil Procedure

 

- And -

 

In the Matter of

Arpita Naskar.

……………… Caveator

- Versus –

 

Sri Tapan Seth.

              ……………  Caveatees

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

C A V E A T

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Ashok Kumar Singh.

Advocate,

High Court Bar Association Room No.15, High Court at Calcutta. Mobile Number : 9883070666, Email : aksinghadvocate@rediffmail.com

 

 

An application under Section 148A, of the Code of Civil Procedure

 

District : South 24-Parganas.

In the Court of the Learned 2^nd Civil Judge (Junior  Division) at Baruipur, South 24-Parganas.

 

                                                          Caveat Application no.____of 2026.

 

                                                          In the matter of :

 

An application under Section 148A, of the Code of Civil Procedure;

 

AND

 

In the matter of :

 

Arpita Naskar, Daughter of Shri Dulal Chandra Naskar, aged about 29 years, residing at Village – Dakhin Chhayani Para, Tegharia, Post Office – Ramkrishna Pally, Police Station Narendrapur formerly Sonarpur, Kolkata – 700150, District South 24 Parganas. Mobile : 9002389521.

          ______CAVEATOR

 

-          Versus –

 

Bimal Kumar Das, Son of Late Gora Chand Das, Residing at Village – Tegharia, Narendrapur Station Road, P.O. – Ramkrishna Pally, P.S. – Narendrapur (formerly Sonarpur), Kolkata – 700150, District – South 24 Parganas.

                   ______CAVEATEES.

To,

The Learned 2^nd Civil Judge (Junior Division), at Baruipore, South 24_parganas.

District : South 24-Parganas.

 

Sir,

Let nothing can be done or can be moved before the Learned Court by the Caveatees against the Caveators in respect of the particulars as given hereunder without due notice to the Caveators or their Learned Advocate in the form of any Suit / Application / Injunction Petition or any other petitions etc. in connection with any Suit.

Yours’ faithfully,

 

 

Pritilata Sardar,

Advocate.

High Court Calcutta

 

The Particulars of the Caveator is given below :

 

 

1.       Name of the Caveator     :        

Arpita Naskar, Daughter of Shri Dulal Chandra Naskar, aged about 29 years, residing at Village – Dakhin Chhayani Para, Tegharia, Post Office – Ramkrishna Pally, Police Station Narendrapur formerly Sonarpur, Kolkata – 700150, District South 24 Parganas. Mobile : 9002389521.

 

2.       Address of the Caveator  :        

Arpita Naskar, Daughter of Shri Dulal Chandra Naskar, aged about 29 years, residing at Village – Dakhin Chhayani Para, Tegharia, Post Office – Ramkrishna Pally, Police Station Narendrapur formerly Sonarpur, Kolkata – 700150, District South 24 Parganas. Mobile : 9002389521.

 

3.       Name and Address of    

the Advocate of the

Caveator for serving

Notice when the Caveator

is out of station.             :        

 

MISS. PRITILATA SARDAR

Advocate

C/o. Sanjib Bandyopadhyay, Advocate, Bar Association, Room No.14, High Court, Calcutta. Mobile Number : 8101750703, E-mail : pritilatasardar75@gmail.com

 

4.           Name of the Caveatee /

applicant in respect of the

application against which

Caveat lodged.                :        

Bimal Kumar Das, Son of Late Gora Chand Das, Residing at Village – Tegharia, Narendrapur Station Road, P.O. – Ramkrishna Pally, P.S. – Narendrapur (formerly Sonarpur), Kolkata – 700150, District – South 24 Parganas.

 

5.       Address of the Caveatee  :        

Bimal Kumar Das, Son of Late Gora Chand Das, Residing at Village – Tegharia, Narendrapur Station Road, P.O. – Ramkrishna Pally, P.S. – Narendrapur (formerly Sonarpur), Kolkata – 700150, District – South 24 Parganas.

6.      Name and addresses of

the intended parties to

the Suit / Application /

proceeding as far as

theCaveator is aware.

If the Suit / Application /

proceedings has not yet

bee instituted.                :        

 

Bimal Kumar Das, Son of Late Gora Chand Das, Residing at Village – Tegharia, Narendrapur Station Road, P.O. – Ramkrishna Pally, P.S. – Narendrapur (formerly Sonarpur), Kolkata – 700150, District – South 24 Parganas.

 

 

          7.       Nature of the Proceedings        :         Any Suit / application

 / injunction petition or any other application in respect of any Suit against the Caveators and in respect of the Landed property ALL THAT piece and parcel of homestead land measuring an area 16 Decimals comprising under Mouza – Tegharia, J.L. No. 52, L.R. Dag No. 25, Khatian No. 5263, territorial jurisdiction of Narendrapur Police Station formerly Sonarpur, at Narendrapur Station Road, under the Rajpur Sonarpur Municipality, Kolkata – 700150, Post Office – Ramkrishna Pally, District South 24 Parganas.

 

8.          Suit Property against which

Caveat is filed.                         :         ALL THAT piece and parcel of homestead land measuring an area of 16 Decimals comprising under Mouza – Tegharia, J.L. No. 52, L.R. Dag No. 25, Khatian No. 5263, territorial jurisdiction of Narendrapur Police Station formerly Sonarpur, at Narendrapur Station Road, under the Rajpur Sonarpur Municipality, Kolkata – 700150, Post Office – Ramkrishna Pally, District South 24 Parganas.

 

 

          9.       Valuation of the Suit               :         as per suit valuation.

 

 

10.        Name of the Advocate of the

Caveator whom the notice

Should be served.                    :        

 

MISS. PRITILATA SARDAR

Advocate

C/o. Sanjib Bandyopadhyay, Advocate, Bar Association, Room No.14, High Court, Calcutta. Mobile Number : 8101750703, E-mail : pritilatasardar75@gmail.com  

 

          11.     Mode of Service              :         Registered Post

/ Speed Post with A/D.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

DISTRICT: South 24 Parganas.

In the Court of the Learned 2^nd Civil Judge (Junior Division), at Baruipur, South 24 Parganas.

 

 

Caveat Case No._____________of 2026.

 

In the matter of

An Application under Section 148-A of the Code of Civil Procedure

 

- And -

 

In the Matter of

Arpita Naskar.

……………… Caveator

- Versus –

 

Bimal Kumar Das.

              ……………  Caveatees

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

C A V E A T

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

                                                               MISS. PRITILATA SARDAR

Advocate

C/o. Sanjib Bandyopadhyay, Advocate, Bar Association, Room No.14, High Court, Calcutta. Mobile Number : 8101750703, E-mail : pritilatasardar75@gmail.com