Tuesday, October 21, 2025

Bibliography

 A bibliography is a structured list of sources (books, articles, websites, reports, etc.) that were consulted, referenced, or used in preparing a piece of academic, professional, or research work. It shows where you got your information and gives credit to the original authors.

Key points about a bibliography:

  1. Purpose:

    • To acknowledge sources of information.

    • To allow readers to verify and consult those sources.

    • To avoid plagiarism.

  2. Content:
    A bibliography usually includes:

    • Author(s) or editor(s)

    • Title of the book, article, or document

    • Publisher and place of publication

    • Year of publication

    • Page numbers (if relevant)

    • URLs or DOIs for online sources

  3. Format:
    The format depends on the style guide used, such as:

    • APA (American Psychological Association)

    • MLA (Modern Language Association)

    • Chicago

    • Harvard

Example (APA style):

  • Smith, J. (2020). Introduction to Psychology. New York: Academic Press.

  • Kumar, A., & Verma, S. (2019). Climate change and agriculture. Journal of Environmental Studies, 12(3), 45–60.

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