Constitution of India
๐ What is the Constitution of India?
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The Constitution of India is the supreme law of the country.
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It lays down the framework defining the political principles, structures, powers, and duties of government institutions and sets out fundamental rights, directive principles, and duties of citizens.
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It is the longest written constitution in the world.
๐ Historical Background
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Adopted on 26th November 1949 by the Constituent Assembly.
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Came into effect on 26th January 1950 (celebrated as Republic Day).
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Drafted under the chairmanship of Dr. B. R. Ambedkar.
๐ Structure of the Constitution
The Constitution originally had 395 articles divided into 22 parts and 8 schedules. It now has over 470 articles divided into 25 parts and 12 schedules (due to amendments).
๐งฉ Key Parts of the Constitution
| Part | Subject |
|---|---|
| Part I | The Union and its Territory |
| Part III | Fundamental Rights |
| Part IV | Directive Principles of State Policy |
| Part IV-A | Fundamental Duties |
| Part V | The Union Government |
| Part VI | The State Governments |
| Part IX | Panchayats |
| Part IX-A | Municipalities |
| Part X | Scheduled and Tribal Areas |
| Part XI | Relations between the Union and States |
| Part XII | Finance, Property, Contracts |
| Part XIV | Services under the Union and States |
| Part XV | Elections |
⚖️ Salient Features
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Federal System with Unitary Bias — division of powers between Union and States.
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Parliamentary Democracy — government responsible to Parliament.
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Secular State — no state religion.
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Independent Judiciary — Supreme Court and High Courts.
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Fundamental Rights — protects civil liberties.
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Directive Principles — guidelines for governance.
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Amendment Procedure — flexible but not easy.
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Emergency Provisions — powers to central government during crises.
๐ง⚖️ Key Organs Established
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Legislature — Parliament (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha)
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Executive — President, Prime Minister, Council of Ministers
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Judiciary — Supreme Court and High Courts
๐ Fundamental Rights (Part III)
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Right to Equality (Articles 14-18)
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Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22)
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Right against Exploitation (Articles 23-24)
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Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25-28)
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Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29-30)
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Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32)
⚙️ Amendments
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The Constitution has been amended over 100 times.
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Article 368 governs the amendment procedure.
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Landmark amendments include the 42nd, 44th, 73rd, 74th, and 101st Amendments.
๐ Official Document
The Constitution is available online at:
๐ https://legislative.gov.in/constitution-of-india
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